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Skema Rangkaian SWR Meter dan Cara Kalibrasi

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Skema Rangkaian SWR Meter dan Cara Kalibrasi




Skema Rangkaian SWR Meter dan Cara Kalibrasi. Pada Transmisi Daya RF, apabila Impedansi Saluran Transmisi tidak sesuai dengan Impedansi Beban (antenna), maka akan muncul Daya Pantul (Reflected Power) pada saluran transmisi menuju sumber (transmitter). Daya pantul ini akan berinterferensi dengan daya dari pemancar (Forward Power) dan menghasilkan Gelombang Tegangan Berdiri pada saluran (Volt Standing Wave).
Nilai SWR dapat dihitung melalui perbandingan Impedansi Beban terhadapImpedansi Saluran Transmisi, yaitu :
Pengukuran Nilai VSWR dapat dilakukan dengan mengukur perbandingan tegangan maju (forward) dan tegangan pantul (reverse). Kita dapat membuat SWR Meter dengan skema seperti di bawah ini :
Bagian utama dalam Membuat SWR Meter adalah potongan kabel coaxial 50 Ohm sepanjang 12 cm. Dapat digunakan RG-58 A/U atau RG-8 untuk dapat melewatkan daya yang lebih besar. Bagian tepi dikupas dan dibuang serabut luarnya sehingga tinggal tersisa 10 cm yang memiliki serabut luar. Selanjutnya bagian tengah dikerat sekitar 2 cm sehingga terlihat serabut luarnya. Kemudian dirangkai seperti skema di atas.
Pemilihan VU Meter sangat kritis, pengertiannya adalah kualitas dari VU Meter harus diperhatikan khususnya arus nominalnya. Standar VU untuk SWR Meter adalah 0 – 100 uA. Namun masih dapat ditoleransi dengan pemakaian VU Meter 0 – 1 mA, dengan kompensasi sensitivitas SWR Meter yang berkurang. Selain itu, Karaktersitik VU Meter harus dipastikan Linear, artinya skala penunjukan harus Linear. Di lain pihak dalam Membuat SWR Meter, Konstruksi dari Sheldingsangat menentukan sekali terhadap kebocoran RF dan nilai Impedansi dari selubung rangkaian SWR Meter.
Kalibrasi Rangkaian SWR Meter :
  1. Hubungkan SWR Meter antara pemancar dengan Dummy Load 50 Ohm. Hubungkan sesuai posisi konektor (TX ke pemancar dan ANT ke Dummy Load). Atur posisi VR2 pada minimal.
  2. Hidupkan pesawat dan atur VR2 ke arah maksimal sampai jarum Forward mencapai skala Maksimal. Sambil memperhatikan jarum Reverse.
  3. Atur VR1 sampai jarum Reverse menunjuk pada skala Nol (Minimal), sambil memperhatikan kondisi jarum Forward agar selalu pada skala maksimal (mungkin harus merubah sedikit posisi VR2).
  4. Matikan pesawat. Balik posisi SWR Meter (TX ke Dummy Load dan ANT ke Pesawat). Nyalakan Pesawat. Pastikan jarum Reverse pada skala Maksimal dan jarum Forward pada skala Nol (Minimal). Apabila tidak demikian, putar sedikit VR1 dan ulangi langkah no.2  s/d  4.
  5. Kalau tindakan no.4 tidak juga memperoleh penunjukan yang sama (jarum Reverse tidak menunjuk skala Maksimal dan Forward tidak Minimal), maka yang harus dilakukan adalah menggeser posisi solderan VR1 pada serabut luar Coaxial sedikit ke kiri atau ke kanan.
  6. Ulangi langkah no.1 sampai dengan 5 hingga memperoleh hasil penunjukan yang sama.
Hasil pengukuran SWR Meter sangat ditentukan oleh Kualitas dan Panjang Saluran Transmisi karena rugi-rugi saluran, khususnya apabila SWR Meter diletakkan dekat pemancar (Transmitter) dan kabel transmisi yang begitu panjang. Misal, sebuah pemancar dengan tegangan keluar 12 volt. Karena rugi-rugi pada saluran transmisi maka tegangan yang sampai ke antena 10 Volt. Karena ketidak-sesuaian Impedansi Beban dengan Impedansi Saluran Transmisi, maka muncul tegangan pantul sebesar 3 Volt menuju pemancar. Dan karena rugi-rugi saluran transmisi, tegangan pantul yang sampai ke pemancar tinggal 2,5 Volt. Maka VSWR terukur adalah :
Jika SWR Meter diletakkan di ujung saluran transmisi dekat dengan antena, maka VSWR terukur adalah :
Ternyata dengan menempatkan SWR Meter di ujung saluran transmisi dekat dengan antena diperoleh hasil pengukuran VSWR yang lebih tinggi dibanding menempatkan SWR Meter dekat dengan pemancar. Kalau demikian dimanakah seharusnya SWR Meter ditempatkan?. Tentunya menempatkan SWR Meter dekat dengan pemancar lebih menguntungkan apabila nilai VSWR rendah (1 atau 1,1). Kalau VSWR masih menunjuk angka yang tinggi (diatas 1,5 atau hampir menyentuh 2,0), maka Matching Antenna perlu dilakukan

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